ITLS Glossary of Terms

Wisconsin Model Academic Standards:
Information & Technology Literacy 

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Information and Technology Literacy is the ability of an individual, working independently or with others, to use tools, resources, processes, and systems responsibly to access and evaluate information in any medium, and to use that information to solve problems, communicate clearly, make informed decisions, and construct new knowledge, products, or systems.

There are four categories or content standards in information and technology literacy. These standards specify what a student should know and be able to do. The first two content standards focus on technology use and information processing skills. The latter two build upon the initial categories by adding competencies that deal with attitudes, appreciation, independent learning, teamwork skills, and personal and social responsibility.four content standards area.  A complete overview of these standards is contained in the Overview document. A Bibliography of Resources used by the Task Force in creating these model academic standards is also available. 

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Glossary of Terms

AASL (American Association of School Librarians). AASL is a Division of the American Library Association, the oldest and largest library association in the world.

Abstract. A short summary in which the writer summarizes all essential points of an article, book, or media resource.

Academic Standards. Standards that specify what students should know and be able to do (content), what they might be asked to do to give evidence of meeting standards (performance), and how well they must perform (proficiency).

Acceptable Use Policy (AUP). A school or organization's official policy statement regarding the use of the Internet or other computer networks.

Address. A name, group of numbers, or bits used to identify a specific device (e.g., server, printer, computer) on a network.

AECT (Association for Educational Communications and Technology). A major international professional association dedicated to the improvement of instruction through the effective use of media and technology.

Agent. A program which does things for a user like filtering e-mail and finding web sites to suit the users interests; also called an expert or intelligent agent.

ALA (American Library Association). ALA is the voice of America's libraries and the people who depend on them. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world with members in academic, public, school, government, and special libraries.

Analog. An analog signal transmits information by modulating a continuous signal, such as a radio wave (see Digital).

Analog Signals. Signals that vary continuously by amplitude or frequency. Historically, older transmission systems, like the telephone service, have been analog, while most newer systems are digital in nature (see Digital).

Analyze. to determine the components of or separate into component parts; to divide into parts and determine the relation of each part to the other parts, or the whole.

Application. An application is a computer or software program a user activates to perform a specific function or functions for the user; applications are often referred to as productivity software.

Artificial Intelligence. Computer software packages that try to emulate human intelligence in order to solve problems using reasoning and learning.

Attachment. A document or file appended or "attached" to an e-mail message. An attachment retains the formatting of the original provided the receiver has the same or compatible software on his/her computer that created the attachment.

Audio Conferencing. A conferencing system employing voice-only communications.

Bandwidth. The amount of the electromagnetic spectrum that a given signal occupies; usually expressed in kilohertz (thousands of hertz, or Khz) or megahertz (millions of hertz or Mhz). It may also refer to the amount of data that can be carried by a channel; usually expressed in bits per second.

Baud Rate. The speed of data transmission over telephone lines; approximately equal to bits per second. A measure of a modem's speed in terms of the amount of information that modem can transfer from one computer to another in one second.

BBS (Bulletin Board System). A BBS is a computer that stores information and allows users to post and retrieve files to it by way of a modem or network connection.

Bibliographic Database. A database listing in which the information is presented as citations that include the author, title, publisher, publication date, and other publication facts.

Bibliographic Record. A listing of information received from a library or electronic database which can be brief (author, title, publisher, etc.) or full (abstract, summary, holdings information, and location).

Bibliography. A list of works such as books, articles, media resources, etc. on a particular subject, usually arranged alphabetically by author.

Binary Code. The base 2 numbering system comprised of the numbers 0 and 1. All computers are based upon this numbering system.

Bitmap. Any picture or image a user sees on a Web page is a bitmap. Bitmaps come in many file formats such as GIF, PICT, JPEG, etc. They can be read and edited by paint programs and image editors. As its name suggests, a bitmap is a map of dots or "pixels."

Bits (short for binary digit). A bit is the most basic, or smallest, unit in a computer system. In accordance with binary code, each bit is designated as either a 1 or a 0.

BPS (Bits Per Second). A measure of a modem's speed in terms of the number of bits that modem can transfer in one second; synonymous with baud rate.

Boolean Logic. A logic system used by computers that employs the words AND, OR and NOT to increase search precision. The use of the word OR expands a search. The use of the words AND and NOT narrows a search.

Boolean Operators. AND, OR, and NOT are the most commonly used operators; used to increase the precision of an on-line or electronic search.

Boot. A term for turning on a computer and having it automatically load a set of software the computer requires to do all of its basic operations; sometimes also referred to as "booting up" a computer.

Bridge. A device similar to a gateway except it connects similar networks to one another and is normally programmed. A major advantage of bridges is that any type of protocols being used on the subnets can be forwarded whether they are TCP/IP packets, OSI packets, or whatever.

Broadcast. Television and radio signals designed to reach a mass audience. In Internet technology, broadcasting (also called "push" technology) is like e-mail. When you log on to a computer there will likely be e-mail waiting for you. Broadcasting uses sophisticated software or "agents" that will operate in the background, search and retrieve information needed by the user, and place that information in a mailbox or directory on the user's computer.

Browser. A software program used to view World Wide Web pages; also called a web browser. Currently, the two most popular web browsers are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft's Internet Explorer.

Byte. A combination of 8 bits. One byte represents a single letter, symbol, or number between 0 and 9. Hard disk and other storage devices and a computer's RAM (random access memory) are measured in thousands of bytes (kilobytes), millions of bytes (megabytes, or billions of bytes (gigabytes).

Cable Modem. A modem that uses two cable TV channels to establish a two-way flow of computer information over the coaxial cables used to bring cable TV into the home or business.

Cache. In a computer or local area network this refers to the amount of RAM (random access memory) set aside to hold data that may be frequently accessed again. Data in a cache will be retrieved much faster than data which must be read from a storage medium or device.

CAD/CAM (Computer Assisted Design/Computer Assisted Manufacturing). A computer software drawing program designed to create visual representations in color, according to scale, and in multiple dimensions.

Call Number. A unique letter/number combination assigned to each book or media resource in a library used to identify its location on the shelves.

Capture. Saving a file to your computer from a remote system. Capturing data, graphics, sound, or video files allows the user to listen, view, or print on-line data at a later time.

CATV (Cable Television). The term originally stood for community antenna television.

CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory). A computer storage medium similar to the audio CD which can hold more than 600 megabytes of read-only digital information.

CESA (Cooperative Educational Service Agency). A nonprofit organization based on contiguous school districts in a geographic area of the state, created by the Wisconsin Legislature to address educational needs by sharing the cost of services. Wisconsin currently has 12 CESAs which provide a variety of services to the school districts in their areas.

Channel. In data communications, a one-way path along which signals can be sent between two or more points. In telecommunications, a transmission path between two or more points provided by a common carrier.

Chat. Communication between members of an on-line service using text. The messages are sent between users in real time as in a conversation by typing in short statements.

Citation. A reference or a note referring to a document or file from which text is quoted.

Classification. The process of arranging and assigning unique codes or numbers to print, non-print, or electronic materials according to their subject, format, or any other legitimate method in a logical sequence.

Client. A software application on a computer or terminal that allows the user to extract some service from a network server.

Codec (Coder/Decoder). An electronic device that converts standard television signals into compressed digital signals for transmission. The same device can convert incoming compressed digital signals back into viewable television signals.

Command. An instruction given by a computer user (most often by pointing at menu options on the monitor screen using a mouse or by typing a certain function key or keyboard sequence) in order to complete a certain task or operation.

Common Carrier. A government-regulated private company that furnishes the public with telecommunications services (e.g., phone companies).

Communication Software. A program that connects you to another computer or network in order to communicate with that computer or network.

Compressed File. A computer file that has been reduced in size through a compression software program. The user must decompress these files before they can be viewed or used.

Compressed Video. A method of sending video signals using less bandwidth than normal by transmitting only changes in moving frames rather than full motion. The reconstituted image exhibits some motion and depending on the available bandwidth and capacity of transmitters and receivers, the motion may appear somewhat irregular. This effect occurs in compressed video technology because the moving areas of the image are only approximated.

Computer Catalog. A computerized listing that enables users to access the record of holdings of a particular library, library network, or information agency or service.

Concentrator. Another term for a networking hub (see hub).

Conference. A meeting of individuals for consulting or discussion on topics of common interest.

Connect Time. Usually this term refers to the amount of time that a terminal or computer has been logged on to a computer or server for a particular session.

Content Standards. A content standard refers to what students should know and be able to do.

Contrast Ratio.The ratio of brightness between the white and black areas of an image.

Copyright. The property right granted by a government to the originator (e.g., author, organization) of an intellectual property to reproduce, copy, print, duplicate, publish, sell, and distribute any section or part of an existing original work (e.g., book, article, video program).

Copyright Registration. The process of applying for and obtaining formal U. S. Copyright Office acknowledgment of copyright.

CPU (Central Processing Unit). Another name given to a computer. CPU usually denotes the box that contains the microprocessor, power supply, and disk drives.

Creative Expressions of Information. Creative or artistic works in a variety of media formats or creative or artistic productions and presentations (e.g., plays, exhibitions, concerts).

Curriculum. The program devised by local school districts used to prepare students to meet standards. It consists of activities and lessons at each grade level, instructional materials, and various instructional techniques. Curriculum specifies the details of the day-to-day schooling at the local level.

Cursor. The pointer on the screen whose position you control by moving a mouse or other input device.

Cut, Copy, and Paste. A set of computer commands that allow sections of documents or graphics to be moved from one place to another within a document or from one document to another.

Cyberspace. The collection of computers located on multiple networks that communicate with other computers across the Internet.

Database. A collection or listing of information, usually organized with searchable elements or fields. For example, a library catalog can be searched by author, title, or subject.

Dedicated Line. A leased or private line is a communication line used exclusively by one customer.

Default. A setting that a computer system uses automatically, unless otherwise changed by the user.

Definition. The sharpness or resolution of a picture or graphics image.

Descriptor. A synonym for a subject heading or keyword.

Desktop. The background area on a computer screen which usually contains an icon for the hard drive and trash can (used to remove files). Folders, files, applications, and a working document may also appear on the desktop window.

Desktop Conferencing. The process by which an individual or small group uses a personal computer, small video camera, microphone, and special software to "teleconference" or communicate with another individual, individuals, or small group via the monitors and speakers of personal computers.

Desktop Publishing. The process of using a computer and special software to produce a document with complex formatting and layout styles such as newsletters, brochures, and ad copy.

Dial-Up. To open a connection between a user's computer and another computer via a modem.

Dialog Box. A computer screen window that asks a question or allows users to input information.

Digital. A digital signal is based on a binary code in which information is sent as a series of "on" and "off" signals ( or 1s and 0s). It is more precise and less subject to interference than an analog signal (see Analog).

Digital Signals. Signals which consist of a series of discrete elements that have only one value at a time. Digital transmission systems are the heart of most modern communication systems (see Analog).

Directory. A list of files or documents on a computer or a published material that has a listing of names, addresses, phone numbers, and other useful material.

Discussion Group. A group of people who exchange messages about particular topics; often associated with newsgroups.

Distance Learning or Education. Instruction that takes place when teacher and students are geographically separated. Telecommunications technologies link them on an interdistrict, interstate, intrastate, or international basis.

DOA (Wisconsin Department of Administration). An executive branch agency in Wisconsin that provides leadership to state agencies in fiscal and budget policy, information technology policy and planning, state energy planning, intergovernmental relations, and state procurement activities. DOA provides state agencies with services in telecommunications, mainframe and related information technologies, print, mail and records management, and state building design, construction and maintenance.

Document. What a computer user creates with an applications program. Documents store information that the user has inputted using an application software program.

Domain Name. The address or URL of a particular website.

Downlink. The portion of a satellite circuit extending from the satellite to an earth station.

Download. The electronic transferring, or copying, of a file from one computer to another. Files may be downloaded from another connected individual computer, from a computer network, a commercial on-line service, or from the Internet.

DPI (Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction). The official state agency charged with providing direction and technical assistance for public elementary and secondary education in Wisconsin. It offers a broad range of programs and services to local school administrators and faculty. The department distributes state school aids and administers federal program funds that supplement local tax resources, improve curricula and school operations, ensure education for children with disabilities, offer guidance and counseling, and develop school and public library resources.

Drag. To move a file or folder by holding the mouse button down while simultaneously moving the mouse. Dragging a file or folder provides the computer user with a convenient way to move and organize information.

Drill-and-Practice. A type of computer software meant to supplement the introduction of new material by a classroom teacher. After the introduction of new concepts and ideas, this computer software provides regular review and practice by students of basic concepts and skills.

Driver. A computer program used to control external devices or run other programs. For instance, printers require special driver software programs to control them from a computer.

DVD (Digital Video Disk). A digital storage medium the same physical size as a CD-ROM disk which can store massive amounts of data including graphics and full motion video.

Dynamic Range. The highest and lowest signal levels of a specific audio or video device.

E-Mail (Electronic Mail). A message that is sent electronically from the computer of one person to the computer of another person.

ECB (Wisconsin Educational Communications Board). A state agency that plans, develops, constructs, and operates statewide public radio, public television, and educational communication systems.

Electronic Literacy. The ability to search, retrieve, organize, employ, and evaluate information derived from electronic information resources.

Encyclopedia. A general reference source (print, non-print, or electronic) that contains information on all subjects or is limited to a specific subject.

Equity. In the context of instructional technology, refers to the availability of instructional technology to all students regardless of socioeconomic status, culture, locale, gender, age, or race.

Ergonomics. Design principles relating to the comfort, efficiency, and safety of users.

ETN (Educational Teleconference Network). A statewide instructional telephone network managed by the Instructional Communications Systems (ICS) of the University of Wisconsin-Extension.

Expansion Card. A circuit board or card that when inserted into a computer allows that computer to perform an additional function or functions.

Expansion Slot. Physical slots or sets of pins inside a computer where expansion cards may be installed to enhance a computer's capacity or enable that computer to perform additional functions.

Expert System. A program which does things for a user like filtering e-mail and finding web sites to suit the users interests; also called an intelligent agent or agent.

Facsimile Machine(Fax). An electronic device that transmits written or graphic information over telephone lines to other locations.

Fair Use. Provisions in the U. S. Copyright Code providing for limited use of copyrighted materials for educational purposes.

Fax. A telecommunications device used to send facsimiles of documents over telephone lines to other Fax machines or computers. Fax machines use a combination of photocopier and modem technologies (see facsimile machine).

Fiber Optics. A technology for transmitting voice, video, and data via light over thin fibers of glass. This technology has much greater bandwidth capacity than conventional cable or copper wire.

Field. A database term for a specific area of a bibliographic or database record containing specific identifying characteristics of an item (e.g., date field, name, or author field).

File Compression. Software that makes files smaller than their original size so they take up less space on a disk or other storage medium.

File Server. File servers are computers with large storage devices on a network that store files and software that can be shared by users on the network (see server).

File Sharing. The ability to share files with other computers on the same network.

File. Information, often a document or an application, saved on a disk or other storage medium.

Footer. The bottom portion of a word processing page which typically contains information such as source or destination, page numbers, date, time of origination, etc. (see Header).

Footprint. The region on the earth to which a communications satellite can transmit.

Frame. A single, complete picture in a video recording.

Freeware. Software, usually available via the Internet or other on-line service, that is free to download and use by individual computer owners. Freeware is not always free for organizations or agencies that may want to use the product, however.

Frequency. The number of cycles per second of an electromagnetic transmission, usually describe in hertz.

Frequency Response. The frequency range over which signals are reproduced within a specific amplitude range. The frequency response of the human ear, for instance, is from about 20 to 20,000 hertz (Hz).

FTP (File Transfer Protocol). A standard protocol for sending computer files from one computer to another on the Internet.

FTP Site. A computer dedicated to the storage of files, usually organized by subject, that can be accessed through anonymous FTP or e-mail.

Full-Text Database. An electronic information resource or database which contains entire documents.

Gateway. A device connecting two dissimilar networks that adds security, flow control, and protocol conversion. Gateways typically handle protocol conversion operations across a wide spectrum of communications function or layers, and they require software programming and central management.

Genlock. A device that synchronizes one video source with another for mixing and recording.

Genre. A distinctive type or category of literary composition, such as poetry, essay, short story, etc.

GIF (Graphic Interchange Format). A widely used format for image files.

Gigabyte. One billion bytes.

Graphing Calculator. A calculator with a larger than average screen which provides a visual representation of plotted data.

GUI (Graphical User Interface). An alternative to character-based computer interfaces, such as MS-DOS. The Macintosh OS and Microsoft Windows are two popular examples of GUI's.

Hardware. Physical equipment components or devices.

Header. The top portion of a word processing page which typically contains information such as the source or destination, chapter title, length of message, date, time of origination, etc. (see Footer).

Hertz. A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second (cps). One kilohertz equals 1,000 cps; one megahertz equals one millions cps; one gigahertz equals one billion cps.

Hits (Matches). Terms used to describe the locating of relevant information that corresponds to specific search terms.

Home Page. The first or introductory page that appears when accessing a World Wide Web site. The home page often provides the table of contents to a specific website.

Hotlist. A list of frequently accessed, popular, or best World Wide Web sites on a single topic or subject.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language). The computer language used to design, or write, World Wide Web pages or websites.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol). The means or computer protocol by which people using the World Wide Web and web servers communicate with one another.

Hub. An equipment piece that connects two or more devices together in order for them to communicate on a network.

Hypermedia. A software program that contains dynamic links to other media, such as audio, video, or graphics files. The World Wide Web is made up of hyperlinked web pages.

Hypermedia Program. A software program that provides dynamic links and seamless access to text, graphics, audio, and video images.

Hypertext. A system of writing and displaying text that enables the text to be linked at several levels of detail, and to contain links to related documents or sites. Hypertext is key words or phrases in a WWW page that are "linked" electronically to other websites or pages on the Internet.

Icon. A symbol that provides a visual representation of an action or other information. For example, a representation of an arrow on a computer screen or desktop is often used to denote directional movement (forward or back) in many software programs. Clicking on the arrow with a mouse will take the user in the direction indicated by the arrow.

ILS (Integrated Learning System). A complete software, hardware, and network system used for instruction. In addition to providing the curriculum and lessons organized by level, an ILS usually includes a number of tools such as assessment components, record keeping, and user information files that help to identify learner needs, monitor progress, and maintain student records.

Information. Knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance; facts, data, images, or sounds which may be unorganized or even unrelated.

Information Literacy. The ability to access, evaluate, and use information from a variety of sources.

Initialize. A means of preparing a disk to receive information by organizing its surface into tracts and sectors; same as formatting a disk. Initializing a disk that already holds information will erase the information.

Installer. A program used to update or install software.

Interface. The way in which a computer communicates with external devices or with the user (e.g., printer interface, human interface, user interface).

Intellectual Property Rights. The concept that the creator of an idea or expression of an idea in any format retains ownership of that idea or expression.

Interlibrary Loan. A service provided by many libraries and information agencies that enables a user to obtain copies of articles and borrow books and other media materials from other libraries and information centers.

Internet. The huge world-wide network or "network of networks" of government, business, and university computers. Currently, there is only one Internet, but do to the huge (and growing) numbers of sites coupled with slow access speeds, others are being planned.

Interoperability. The ability to connect to and exchange data with other hardware and software systems.

IP (Internet Protocol). A common layer or protocol used on the Internet to connect dissimilar networks.

Intranet. A private network inside a company or organization that uses the same kinds of software that you would find on the Internet, but that it is only for internal use.

I/O (Input/Output). The processes involved in transferring information into or out of a central processing unit or computer.

ISBN. International Standard Book Number - A 10 digit unique number assigned to each book published to identify the publisher, title, edition, and volume.

ISSN (International Standards Serial Number). A distinctive number assigned to a serial publication.

ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education). A major international professional association for computer and technology educators, MIS professionals, and technology directors and coordinators.

Journal. A periodical publication that contains scholarly articles written by professionals, researchers, and other experts in a particular field.

JPEG (Joint Photographics Experts Group). A common computer file format for images.

K (Kilobyte). 1,024 bytes (see byte)

Kilohertz. 1,000 hertz.

Keyword. A significant identifying word from the title, subject, or content of a particular document or file.

Keyword Searching. In a search, using significant words that describe a subject under which entries for all documents or publications on the subject are filed in a catalog, bibliographic record, or electronic resource.

kHz (Kilohertz). Unit of measurement of frequency or cycles per second; equal to 1,000 hertz.

Knowledge. The acquaintance with facts, truths or principles as the result of a study or investigation; familiarity with a particular subject or branch of learning; an organized body of information or the comprehension or understanding consequent on having acquired or organized a body of facts.

LAN (Local Area Network). A number of computers and other peripheral devices connected to a file server for the purpose of sharing resources, such as software applications, files, peripherals, and services. A LAN usually refers to a network in one room or building.

Laserdisc. A plastic disk or platter that can have text, video, and graphic images encoded in a series of microscopic pits engraved in the disk; also known as a videodisc. Laserdiscs are read by special players which transmit a laser beam onto the disks.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display). A popular presentation technology in flat panel display systems used in conjunction with overhead projectors (LCD projection panels). Also used in laptop computer screens and in video/data projectors.

LEA (Local Educational Agency). In Wisconsin, this is the official designation or title of a local school district.

Limiters. Words or terms that limit or "narrow" a search of an electronic or on-line database or service.

Link. A connection from one place or medium to another. For example, button or underlined print that when clicked on takes you to another website or page on the Internet.

Listserv. A powerful software program for combining and automating mailing lists and discussion groups on a computer network or the Internet. A form of one-to-many communication using e-mail.

Log In or Log On. The process of establishing a connection over a network or modem with a remote computer so that the user's computer may exchange information.

Log Off. The process of terminating a connection to an computer or network.

Logo. A logo or logotype is a name, symbol, or trademark of a company or publication borne on one printing plate or piece of type. Today, a logo would be created and printed with a computer and graphics or desktop publishing software.

Macro. A program within a program that allows complex functions to take place with a single keystroke or simple combination of keystrokes.

Magazine. A periodic publication which contains articles, news, advertisements, etc., intended for the general public rather than for professionals or scholars.

Manual of Style. A guide prescribing rules for writing papers and reports including the elements and sequence to be used for citations and bibliographies. Recent manuals of style include information on citations for Internet and electronic resources.

MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging). A standard developed by the Library of Congress and other to define the elements (fields) within a bibliographic record.

Master. The original video or audio recording, as opposed to a dub or copy.

MB (Megabit or Megabyte). 1,000,000 bytes (see byte).

Media. Formats (e.g., CD-ROM, newspapers, laserdiscs, magazines, films, the Internet) of communication which can be grouped as print, non-print, or electronic.

Media Literacy. The ability to conduct a critical analysis of images and the sounds, special effects, and text that accompany them. Media literacy also aims to provide students with the ability to create media and multimedia products for specific purposes and audiences.

Media Retrieval Network. An audio and video network for sending and receiving analog audiovisual resources to a remote site, normally a classroom or large group instruction area.

Megabyte. 1 million bytes.

Microfiche. A flat sheet of plastic containing microimage information on a particular subject and requires a microfiche reader or printer for accessing its content.

Microforms. Any materials, film or paper, printed or photographic, containing microimages which are units of information, such as a page of text or graphics, too small to be read without magnification.

Microwave. High frequency radio waves used for audio, video, and data transmissions. Requires clear line of sight between the transmitter and the receiver.

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). A standard for communicating information between synthesizers, sequencers, percussion machines, computers, and other electronic musical equipment.

MIPS (millions of Instructions Per Second). A measure of computer performance.

Modem (Modulator/Demodulator). An electronic device that attaches to a computer and enables it to transmit and receive data from another computer over a telephone line by converting the digital data into sound.

Monitor. A device that is connected to a computer and used to display text and graphics. Monitors are similar to television sets, but use a digital signal rather than an analog signal like television receivers.

Mouse. A pointing and input device that allows the user to control the movement of the cursor to any area of the monitor screen.

MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group). A digital video file format commonly used on the World Wide Web.

MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System). The operating system designed for the original IBM and IBM compatible personal computers.

Multimedia. A general term that usually refers to non-print media that uses a combination of sound, video, animation, pictures, and text.

Multiplexer or MUX. A device that combines two or more signals into a single composite data stream for transmission on a single channel.

Multitasking. The ability to run more than one program at a time on a computer.

Navigate. To move around on the World Wide Web by following hypertext paths from document to document on different computers linked to the WWW and Internet.

Netiquette. The rules of conduct for on-line or Internet users.

Network. Two or more computers that are interconnected in some fashion so that users can share files and devices (e.g., printers, servers, storage devices).

Newsgroups. A part of the Internet which allows users to "post" and "reply to" messages from other users. Newsgroups are the basic unit of organization on the USENET bulletin board of the Internet. Newsgroups are independent discussions on a specific topic.

Node. A termination point for two or more communications links. In local area networks it also refers to a computer or single PC on a network.

Noise. In audio, it is electrical interference or unwanted sound. In video, this interference appears as "snow" on a television set or monitor.

Non-Print Media. Audio and video formats of communication (e.g., films, video tapes, audio cassettes). The three types of media formats are print, non-print. and electronic.

OCLC. The Online Computer Library Center is located in Dublin, Ohio and is an international bibliographic utility used by libraries for cataloging, interlibrary loan, acquisitions, and other related services. Over 10,000 libraries in 40 countries are members of OCLC.

On-line. The state a computer is in when it is connected to another computer or server via a network. A computer communicating with another computer.

On-line Catalog. A computerized listing that enables users to access the record of holdings of a particular library, library network, or information agency or service.

OPAC (On-line Public Access Catalog). An on-line information retrieval system that helps users access the holdings of a library or other information agency.

Open. A command that makes a file available so that a user can modify its contents, display it on screen, or send its contents to a printer or other network device for output.

Operating System. The program that organizes and manages the internal activities and functions of a computer and peripheral devices.

OS (Operating System). The operating system or system management program of a computer (see Operating System).

Packet. A unit of data which is transmitted at the network layer. It is also commonly used to denote an envelope of data bundled with addressing information for transmission over a network.

Password. A secret combination of letters and other symbols needed to log in to a computer system.

Patent. An official document issued by a government granting an inventor (individual or organization) the right to make, produce, and manufacture an invented material for a given number of years.

PC (Personal Computer). Before the arrival of the IBM-PC, most PCs were called microcomputers. After the arrival of the IBM-PC, the term PC came to be applied to all personal computers, even those not produced by IBM.

Performance Standards. A performance standard tells how students will show that they are meeting a standard.

Peripheral Device. A device outside the user's computer (e.g., modem, disk drive, printer) that is connected to and under the computer's control.

Pixel. A single dot or point of an image on a computer screen. Pixel is a contraction of the words "picture element."

PK-12. Elementary, middle, and secondary schools ranging in grades from pre-kindergarten to grade 12.

Port. An interface on a computer, terminal, network, or other electronic device for the transferring of data. Also a point of access into a communications switch.

Primary Source. First-hand information or information in original or first published format.

Proficiency Standards. A proficiency standard indicates how well students must perform on a standard.

Program. A set of instructions describing operations for a computer to perform to accomplish a task. Computer programs are commonly referred to as software (see software).

Projection System. A large screen system to show video, television, or computer images.

Proprietary. Belonging to a single corporation or agency. In the context of technology, proprietary usually refers to a set of protocols used by only one or a limited number of companies, as opposed to standards that are shared by a large part of a particular industry.

Protocol. A standard set of procedures that regulates how computers communicate and exchange information.

Pull-Down Menu. A menu (commonly found in the menu bar) whose name and/or icon is shown. Essentially, a user pulls down the menu by pointing at, pressing down the mouse button, and dragging the mouse until he/she reaches the option to be selected and then releasing the mouse button.

Pull Technology. In reference to the Internet or other on-line services, pull technology is where users, utilizing software such as a web browser, are required to locate and "pull down" the information for themselves.

Push Technology. In reference to the Internet or other on-line services, push technology is like e-mail. When you log on to a computer there will likely be e-mail waiting for you. Push technology uses sophisticated software and "agents" that will operate in the background, search and retrieve information needed by the user, and place that information in a mailbox or directory on the user's computer. Also known as broadcasting.

QuickTime. An integrated, cross-platform architecture for multimedia production and playback developed by Apple Computer, Inc.

RAM (Random Access Memory). RAM is the memory the computer uses to temporarily store information that the microprocessor needs to operate a computer program. The amount of RAM determines the number of programs that can be open on a computer simultaneously.

Real Time. Communication where information is received at (or nearly at) the instant it is being sent.

Receive Site. A location that can receive transmissions from another site for distance learning.

Repeater. A device which boosts an electrical signal thus increasing the transmission distance possible.

Research. Careful study, investigation, and experimentation aimed at discovering or interpreting facts to create new knowledge or understandings on the part of the researcher.

Resolution. The clarity or graininess of a video or computer image as measured by lines (of resolution) or pixels; the smallest resolvable detail in an image.

ROM (Read-Only Memory). ROM stores special instructions that the computer needs in order to operate properly. As the name implies, information stored in ROM is never changed, only read as needed by the computer.

Router. A hardware module and component of a network which receives transmissions and forwards them to their intended destinations by the shortest route possible.

Save. Storing information by transferring it from main memory (RAM) to a disk or other storage medium or device.

Satellite Dish. A dish-like device for sending and/or receiving signals from a satellite.

Scan Rate. The speed with which the electron beam scans the picture tube.

Scanner. A device that converts a printed page or image into an electronic representation that can be viewed and manipulated on a computer. Scanners are often used to convert photographs into electronic representations so that they can be included in documents created on a computer.

Scroll. Using scroll arrows, school bars, or scroll boxes allows a computer user to move vertically or horizontally within a window thereby enabling the user to view more of a document or directory.

SEA (State Education Agency). The agency primarily responsible for the state supervision of public elementary and secondary education. In Wisconsin, this is the Department of Public Instruction.

Search Engine. An Internet site and software program that allows for keyword searching of on-line information.

Search Strategy. The organized plan by which an on-line user conducts a search of an electronic information resource. It usually involves the use of Boolean operators to increase search precision.

Secondary Source. Information contained in, or taken from, general or compiled published sources

Serial. A publication that is issued in successive pieces and intended by its publishers to continue indefinitely

Server. A central computer with special software that provides services to other computers on a network (see file server).

Service Provider. An organization that provides network access to users via modem or some sort of high capacity network connected via coaxial or fiber optic cable.

Session. A period during which a connection exists between two points in a network so that commands or data may be exchanged.

Shareware. A category of software usually available over the Internet or other on-line services that is shared by publishers with the general public. Shareware is not free. Publishers ask that if you like the product and plan to use it, you send the author the required fee. The collection of shareware fees is based largely on the honor system.

Signal-to-Noise Ration. A measurement of noise introduced in an audio component expressed as the difference in decibels between the desired signal and the unwanted noise.

Simulation. A simulation is a software program that imitates reality, involves a realistic setting, and presents students with a problem or series of problems and choices. The program presents students with opportunities for inquiries, actions and decisions, and shows them with how their actions and decisions change the way the simulation evolves. The best simulations allow students to control events that are realistic, making decisions with consequences that teach them actual, probable outcomes they may encounter in real life.

Software. A set of instructions, procedures, and related documentation on a disk, file, or CD-ROM which when input into a computer cause it to perform certain actions or functions.

Still Frame. A single frame of video information; sometimes called a freeze frame.

Storage Device. An equipment item, like a hard disk drive, in which digital information (voice, video and data) can be recorded and stored for future use.

Storage Medium. A media item, like a diskette, CD-ROM, or laserdisc, on which digital information (voice, video, and data) can be recorded and stored for future use.

Switch. A hardware device that routes packets of information across a network.

Synthesize. to combine the parts or elements so as to form a coherent whole; to combine so as to form a new, complex product.

Synthesizer. An electronic device for creating musical sounds and sound effects.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). A protocol for the transmission of electronic data from one computer to another. TCP/IP is currently the de facto transmission protocol for the Internet.

Technology. The application of knowledge, tools, and skills to solve practical problems and extend human capabilities. Technology is best described as process, but it is more commonly known by its products and their effects on society.

Technology Literacy. The ability to use, manage, and understand technology.

Telecommunications. The exchange of voice, video, or data through digital or analog electromagnetic or electronic signals (e.g., radio, telephone, television, facsimile, computer/modem).

Teleconference. Communication via audio, video, or computer between two or more groups in separate locations.

Thesis Statement. A position or proposition which is advanced and is to be supported by information and evidence.

Throughput. The rate at which data may be transferred from one computer to another via some sort of electronic medium. Usually measured in bits per second, kilobytes per second, or megabytes per second.

Topology. The physical layout of a network. It refers to the way in which transmission technologies are interconnected to form a complete system.

Track. The location or path of a recorded signal on a tape or disk.

Trademark. A name, symbol, word, figure, letter, or mark adopted and used by a manufacturer, business firm or agency in order to designate the products the firm manufactures or sells and to distinguish them from other products. Any trademark is entitled to be registered under the provisions of a government statute so that it can only be used by the firm who registered it.

Transponder. The equipment on a satellite which receives the signal, amplifies it, and then retransmits it to receiving stations on the earth.

Trees. A visual method of linking information which follows a tree-like pattern with major concepts as trunk, limbs, branches, leaves as extensions or sub-units of main concepts.

Tutorial. In contrast to drill-and-practice software, tutorial software attempts to present new concepts and information to students and then help them to understand the concepts and develop skill in using them. The program provides periodic checks on students progress and will then "branch" them to the appropriate next step in the learning process. Sometimes, this means a student will advance to a higher level, or be sent back in the program to review concepts or skills that should have been previously learned.

Uplink. The portion of a satellite circuit or a satellite dish which transmits signals from a ground station to the satellite.

Upload. To send a file to another computer or server.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator). The address and method used to locate a specific resource or single document on the World Wide Web or Internet.

User ID. A unique number or name or both that is associated with a user name on a server system.

User Interface. The system of computer screen images, devices, and software components that allow the user to interact with and control the computer's operating system. Graphical user interfaces (GUI) allow the user to interact with the OS by manipulating icons or visual menus via a mouse. Command-line interfaces allow user to interact with the OS by entering commands from the keyboard.

VCR. Abbreviation for videocassette recorder, a device used to record and play video programs.

Version. In reference to computer software programs, this number states a program's chronological position relative to old and new releases of the program.

Video Adapter. A board or card that plugs into a slot connected to the computer's main circuit board and allows the computer to display text and graphics on a monitor.

Video Conferencing. Using video and audio signals to link participants at different and remote locations for a specific purpose.

Virtual Memory. A function that allows a computer to use a specified amount of hard disk space as if it were RAM.

Virtual Reality. Highly realistic computer simulations that use 3-dimensional displays to create the impression of being inside a place.

Virus. A destructive type of computer program that attempts to disrupt the normal operation of a computer, re-write, or delete information from storage devices, and in some cases, cause physical damage to the computer.

Virus Detection Program. A software program to detect, diagnose, and destroy computer viruses.

Visual Literacy. The ability to recognize and understand ideas conveyed through visible actions or images.

WAN (Wide Area Network).A network of LANs (local area networks) linked by backbone cabling for the purpose of electronically connecting several sites or buildings.

WASL (Wisconsin Association of School Librarians). WASL is a Division for school librarians in the Wisconsin Library Association (see WLA).

WAV. A common sound file format often used in conjunction with the World Wide Web.

Web page. A single on-line document or screen containing information that can be accessed over the World Wide Web (WWW).

Webbing. A visual method of linking ideas to one another in a web-like pattern.

Website. An entire location or site of a business, agency, organization, or individual on the World Wide Web. A website may consist of several web pages.

WECB (Wisconsin Educational Communications Board). A state agency that plans, develops, constructs, and operates statewide public radio, public television, and educational communication systems.

WEMA (Wisconsin Educational Media Association). WEMA is the largest K-12 library media and educational technology association in Wisconsin.

Window. A computer monitor's screen or portion of the screen which displays information on the desktop. Windows enable the user to view the contents of disks as well as to create and view documents. Most windows include scroll bars that allow the user to move up-and-down and right-or-left in a document and buttons that allow you to close the window or make the window smaller or larger.

Windows. A graphical user interface (operating system) for IBM and IBM compatible personal computers. Windows is a product of Microsoft Corporation.

WISTE (Wisconsin Society for Technology in Education). WISTE is a professional association in Wisconsin for computer and technology educators and coordinators.

WLA (Wisconsin Library Association). WLA is the largest library association in Wisconsin with members from academic, public, school, and special libraries.

Workstation. A device, often a personal computer, which serves as an interface between a user and a file server or host computer.

World Wide Web. The WWW is a web-like interconnection of millions of pieces of information and documents located on computers around the world. Web documents use a hypertext language which incorporates text, sound, and graphical images and "links" to other documents and files on Internet-connected computers. The WWW allows for "point-and-click" navigation of the Internet.

wpm (words per minute). Refers to the number of words a student can type or keyboard in one minute.

For questions about this information, contact Donna C. Steffan (608) 267-1282

Last updated on 2/25/2008 7:51:54 AM